Unit 4222-335 Undertake physiological measurements

Unit 4222-335 Undertake physiological measurements 1.1 We should always check equipment which we are going to use if it is safe and working properly, we should wear PPE every time we are undertaking any task, ensure that we are trained to do the task, we should keep the working place safe and clean. When we are about to take measurement from an person we need to make sure that the person know exactly what we are going to do and asking permission for the task we are about to do. Recording the task in the chart and keep it confidential to protect personal information during the course of our work. 2.1 To have an blood pressure maintenance we should maintain a healthy lifestyle, doing some exercises daily and eating healthier,†¦show more content†¦We can find pulse oxymetry on the fingertips, except on the thumb as our own pulsation or ear lobe and also on the toes. 2.5 Body Mass Index,BMI, is a measure of our weight compared to our height. BMI can help determine whether they are at a healthy weight, overweight or obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases, such as: heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type-2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. With high BMI the individual would need to perform further assessments, start with a diet, physical activity, family history, change lifestyle. 2.6 Several factors can influence changes in physiological measurements such as illness, infections, stress, lifestyle, deterioration. 2.7 Monitoring physiological measurements it ´s important to make sure the individual health status and also necessary after surgery, as patients in intensive care units require continuous monitoring, and sometimes have medications that requires physical measurements taken. These are measurements we take to ensure that they are functioning in the way they are supposed to. When we carry out physiological measurements, such as measuring temperature, pulse and respiration, we are monitoring for signs of abnormality. Then be able to draw conclusions about the health status of the individual and any treatments they may

Cost of Capital at Ameritrade - 8788 Words

Harvard Business School 9-201-046 Rev. April 26, 2001 Cost of Capital at Ameritrade In mid-1997, Joe Ricketts, Chairman and CEO of Ameritrade Holding Corporation, wanted to improve his company’s competitive position in deep-discount brokerage1 by taking advantage of emerging economies of scale. The success of the strategy required Ameritrade grow its customer base. The growth would require substantial investments in technology to improve service and capacity, and in advertising, to increase customer awareness. The strategy would require large expenditures relative to Ameritrade’s existing capital. In order to evaluate whether the strategy would generate sufficient future cash flows to merit the investment, Ricketts needed an†¦show more content†¦Full-service brokers were less sensitive to market movements than deep-discount brokers like Ameritrade. Full-service brokers received asset management fees, which partially shielded the revenue stream from market declines. Moreover, most full-service brokerage firms such as Merrill Lynch diversified t heir revenue stream by engaging in investment banking activities such as mergers and security underwritings. Planned Investments and the Cost of Capital Ricketts planned to grow Ameritrade’s revenues by targeting self-directed investors. Ricketts decided Ameritrade’s mission was ‘to be the largest brokerage firm worldwide based on the number of trades.’ Ricketts’ strategy called for price cutting, technology enhancements, and increased advertising. First, Ameritrade would reduce commissions from $29.95 to $8.00 per trade for all Internet market orders. There were currently no major players in this price range although many customers were price sensitive. To ensure competitors such as Charles Schwab and E*Trade did not follow Ameritrade’s lead and try to compete on price, Ameritrade would have to become the low cost provider of reliable online brokerage services. State of the art technology was the only way to prevent system outages and move towards the goal of 100% reliability. Therefore, up to $100 million would be budgeted for technology enhancements which also would increase trade execution speed - an important attribute to individual investors.Show MoreRelatedCost of Capital at Ameritrade1330 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study of Cost of Capital at Ameritrade 1-a How can the CAPM be used to estimate the cost of capital for a real business investment decision? CAPM results can be compared to the best expected rate of return that investor can possibly earn in other investments with similar risks, which is the cost of capital. Under the CAPM, the market portfolio is a well-diversified, efficient portfolio representing the non-diversifiable risk in the economy. Therefore, investments have similar risk if theyRead MoreCost of Capital at Ameritrade1450 Words   |  6 PagesCost of Capital at Ameritrade What factors should Ameritrade management consider when evaluating the proposed advertising program and technology upgrades? Why? Mr. Ricketts believes that his role as CEO is to maximize shareholder value by accepting any project whose expected return on investment is greater than the cost of capital. Therefore, the main factors that Ameritrade management should consider are the expected return on investment for the project, and how this compares to the project’sRead MoreCost of Capital at Ameritrade1080 Words   |  5 PagesCase Solution Cost of Capital at Ameritrade | | †¢ Executive summary: Formed in 1971 and listed in March 1997, Ameritrade has been one of the most successful players in the deep- discount brokerage sector. Ameritrade’s two major sources of revenue, Transaction income (brokerage commissions, clearing fees, and payment for order flow) and Net interest revenues that were generated from net balanceRead MoreCost Of Capital At Ameritrade2201 Words   |  9 Pages Cost of Capital at Ameritrade Introduction: Ameritrade is a pioneer in the deep-discount brokerage firm market that was formed in 1971. In March 1997, Ameritrade raised $22.5 million in a stock IPO allowing the company to continue its long tradition of adopting the latest advances in technology, and substantially increasing advertising to build its brand and improve market share. Joe Ricketts, Chairman and CEO of Ameritrade Holding Corporation, wanted to improve the company’s competitive positionRead MoreAmeritrade – Cost of Capital2478 Words   |  10 PagesGroup Case 1: Ameritrade – Cost of Capital Executive Summary: As a deep-discount brokerage, Ameritrade planned to improve its competitive position by price cutting, technology enhancements, and increased advertising in mid-1997. Before initiating the plan, Ameritrade needed know whether the investment returned more than it cost. We were hired to estimate the cost of capital correctly. The key question is to find suitable comparable firms to estimate Ameritrade’s asset beta, since it was a recently-listedRead MoreEssay Ameritrade Cost of Capital1042 Words   |  5 PagesAmeritrade is formed in 1971, and is a pioneer in the deep-discount brokerage sector. In march 1997, Ameritrade raised $22.5 million in an initial public offering. Management at Ameritrade is considering substantial investments in technology and advertising, but is unsure of the appropriate cost of capital. Estimating the cost of capital 1. Since we do not have the beta for Ameritrade, we need to find comparable firms for which we could compute the betas. There are several candidates in theRead MoreCost of Capital at Ameritrade Ppt960 Words   |  4 PagesCase: Cost of Capital at Ameritrade 1 Introduction Ameritrade is formed in 1971, and is a pioneer in the deep-discount brokerage sector. [A deep-discount broker is a broker that offers lower commissions than a discount broker, but also provides fewer services to clients. Such a broker usually will not provide anything beyond execution of stock and option trades, and will charge a flat fee regardless of the size of the trade] In march 1997, Ameritrade raised $22.5 million in an initialRead MoreAmeritrade - Cost of Capital Evaluation4249 Words   |  17 PagesFinance Seminar 12.12.2011 Case Study #2 Ameritrade Company Cost of Capital Evaluation Executive Summary The Ameritrade case study analysis brought in this paper comes to estimate the final cost of capital that should be applied to Ameritrade’s technology and marketing investment project. Allegedly, the final purpose of every WACC calculation is in helping to estimate the NPV of a project in order to make a â€Å"go\no go† decision, whether it is done by an investor or a creditor. HoweverRead MoreEssay about Cost of Capital at Ameritrade1002 Words   |  5 PagesChairman and CEO of Ameritrade Holding Corporation, wanted to improve his company’s competitive position in deep-discount brokerage1 by taking advantage of emerging economies of scale. The success of the strategy required Ameritrade grow its customer base. The growth would require substantial investments in technology to improve service and capacity, and in advertising, to increase customer awareness. The strategy would require large expenditures relative to Ameritrade’s existing capital. In order to evaluateRead MoreCase Analysis Cost of Capital at Ameritrade601 Words   |  3 PagesCase analysis Cost of Capital at Ameritrade Cost of capital refers to the maximum rate of return a company must earn from its investments, so that the market values of the company’s equity shares do not go down. The people at Ameritrade are not in agreement on the best estimate of the cost of capital. Research analyst put the cost of capital at 12%, while other members of the management estimate it to be at 9% and the CFO estimates it to be at 15%. The CEO of the company is optimistic that

“Non-Compete Agreements in Action †Microsoft V. Google” Free Essays

â€Å"Non-Compete Agreements in Action – Microsoft v. Google† Facts: †¢Controversial documents †¢Dr. Kai-Fu Lee joined Microsoft in 1998 to run company operations in China †¢Knowledge of company trade secrets †¢Quit Microsoft because he was moving to Google †¢When Lee was hired Microsoft made him sign a non-compete agreement †¢Microsoft sued Google and Lee over the non-compete agreement Issue: Does Microsoft have the right to have a non-compete agreement with Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Non-Compete Agreements in Action – Microsoft V. Google† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kai-Fu Lee? Discussion: In 2000, Microsoft moved to protect itself by requiring Dr. Kai-Fu Lee to sign a non-compete agreement. Notwithstanding this agreement, Lee quit in July, 2005 by notifying Microsoft that he was moving to Google, which resulted in a recent lawsuit that was filled by Microsoft against Google. Dr. Lee joined Microsoft in 1998 and was in charge of creating and running Microsoft branch operations in China. While at Microsoft Lee worked on Microsoft’s speech recognition system and was responsible for the overall development of the MSN Internet search program. In short, he has personal knowledge of company trade secrets including technology developments as well as business and marketing planning. The agreement that Microsoft required Lee to sign in 2000 was to forgo employment with any direct competitor of Microsoft. Conclusion: Non-Compete Agreements are controversial documents that restrict a person’s right to work with competitors of a former employer. The usefulness of one such non-compete agreement is on exhibit in a recent lawsuit filed by Microsoft against Google. In August of 2008 Microsoft and Google came to agreement after a Washington Court ruled that Microsoft has no right to require employees to sign non-Compete agreements because California has a Law called the Right to Work. How to cite â€Å"Non-Compete Agreements in Action – Microsoft V. Google†, Papers

Independence Test Applies for Former Auditors

Question: Explain how the independence test applies for former auditors and accountants joining company boards? Answer: Introduction The core objectives of an audit relates to the enhancement of the validity of any financial statement; the improvement in the functioning of the capital market, along with enabling the users in making sound decisions; and helping in reducing the cost of capital. It is considered as crucial that the financial statements are audited properly, so as to ensure that the functioning of the capital market is done efficiently, as well as, a presence of effective corporate governance is maintained. Usually, independence refers to the mental state of lack of any bias, as well as, objectivity[1]. In the following parts, a discussion has been made regarding the former auditors and accountants, who join the board of the company, as well as, the independence test which is applicable on them. The Corporations Act, 2001[2] (CA), under Part 2M.4, in Subdivision 3, contains the provisions regarding the independence of the auditors. Section 324CD[3] defines the situations where a conflict of inertest arises. As per this section, such a situation arises when an auditor is unable to exercise impartial, as well as, objective judgment. This section further states that, any prudent individual would conclude that an auditor is unable to exercise such judgment, with the full knowledge of the applicable circumstances and facts. This is known as a subjective test, which is the test for independence of an auditor. This independence test is focused on the appearance. So, the manner in which a reasonable, prudent person would logically infer the available information, which is available with the auditors, and the manner in which this can be exercised impartially, is the independence test. The objectivity has to be applied both in the appearance, as well as, the mind, at continuing levels, and the significant task is to look at the circumstances which are faced by the auditors, as well as, the relationship with the clients of the auditors. This results in the enhancement of the confidence in the investors, along with the creditors regarding the financial statements. The independence of the former auditors, as well as, the accountants is crucial to the companies, in which such person was the auditor or the accountant[4]. The issue arises when such auditors join the board of their clients companies. This has been identified as a cause of concern, by various stakeholders, as it violates the independence of such auditors or the accounts, gravely. A threat is established to the independence of the audit firm, on occurrence of such a violation[5]. The issue is not when such former auditor joins the clients board, but is occurred when such partner exercises its influence over the auditing firm, which affects the soundness of the financial setup in the company, as well as the audit firm. There are cases when the auditors hand in their papers, of resignation, just so that they can join the board of the company. And in such cases, these individuals fail to exercise due diligence before leaving the audit process. These individuals have the full knowledge regarding the approaches which are used by the auditing board, along with their testing strategies. So, upon joining the board of the client company, these former auditors would be aware about the ruse which can be used to manipulate the audit boards approaches, as well as, their testing strategies, along with the used procedures[6]. Further, such auditors have strong relationship with the members of the audit firm, in which they were the auditors. So, even this relationship can be manipulated to gain advantage for the company, in which the former auditor becomes the member of the board. Intimidation threats and familiarity are created in such cases. To safeguard against these issues, the CA states various requirements which have to be complied. The general requirement to avoid such situation where a conflict of interest may arise is covered under section 324CB[7], as well as, section 324CD. The specific requirements which restrict the relationships of any of the former partner, on whom the independence test is applicable, and who becomes any officer in the client company of the audit firm, are covered under the section 324CF[8], as well as, section 324CE[9]. Further, a specific cooling off period of 12 months is stated in Para 290.139 to 290.141, which are applicable on the key audit partners, along with the managing or senior partners of the firm, where the client company is a public interest entity[10]. Also, Section 324CK[11] of CA provides five year cooling off period, before which any former member of the audit firm is prohibited from becoming a director or an officer of a client of such an audit firm, in cases where already one of the former partners of the audit firm is the officer in the client company. And, Section 324CI[12] of CA, provides a two year cooling off period, for any of the former audit partner to become an officer in the client company of the audit firm. The independence test is stated in Section 324CF(7)[13] of CA. As per this section, an individual passes on the independence test when such individual, in relation to any firm, does not, in any way, influences the financial policies or the operations of the accounting, along with the audit practice of the firm; refrains from participation in the activities of the accounting, along with the audit practice of the firm; holds no rights against the members of the firm or the firm itself in the above quoted matters related to the termination or value of the former audit firm; and there is no sort of financial understanding with the firm regarding the above quoted matters, apart from the understandings related to the regular payment of predetermined and fixed amount or regular payment of an amount where the amount is fixed and which is not depended upon earnings, revenues or profits. This independence test is designed to keep a check on the former, who continue to have attachments with the firm, and to ensure that such individual does not take active participation in financial or serving capacity of an audit client[14]. From the above analysis, the applicability of the independence test on the former auditors, as well as, the accountants, who join the board of the company, have been clarified. And also, the justification for such independence test has been elaborated. Bibliography Books/Journals Latimer, P, Australian Business Law (2014, 33rd ed., Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd) Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, Welsh, M, Understanding Company Law (2013, 17th ed., Australia: Thomson Law Book Co) Naiker, V, Sharma, D,S, Sharma, V,D, Do Former Audit Firm Partners on Audit Committees Procure Greater Nonaudit Services from the Auditor? (2013) 88(1) The Accounting Review 297-326. Legislations Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) Others CPAAustralia Ltd, Independence guide, (2013) 36 https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/auditing-assurance/independence-guide.pdf?la=en Independence Standards Board, Independence Standard No. 3, (2000), https://pcaobus.org/Standards/EI/Documents/ISB3.pdf The Treasury, Australian Auditor Independence Requirements, (2006), https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/1184/PDF/Australian_Auditor_Independence_Requirements.pdf The Treasury, Australian Government, Strengthening the financial reporting framework, (2016), https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/403/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=Ch4.asp U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Final Rule: Revision of the Commission's Auditor Independence Requirements, (2001) https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-7919.htm